Unraveling the Founding Principle: Federalist Number 70's Hidden Power

The Federalist Papers, a series of 85 articles penned by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay, have long been revered as the foundational texts of American democracy. Among these, Federalist Number 70, written by Alexander Hamilton, holds a unique position, as it delves into the intricacies of the executive branch and its role in the newly proposed government. Titled “The Executive Department Further Considered,” this paper presents a compelling argument for a strong, unitary executive, which has had a profound and lasting impact on the development of the American presidency. In this article, we will unravel the founding principle of Federalist Number 70, exploring its hidden power and the ways in which it has shaped the course of American history.

The Context of Federalist Number 70

To fully appreciate the significance of Federalist Number 70, it is essential to understand the historical context in which it was written. The American Revolution had recently come to an end, and the young nation was in the process of defining its government. The Constitutional Convention of 1787 had proposed a new form of government, with a strong central authority and a system of checks and balances. However, this proposal was met with skepticism by many, who feared that a strong executive would lead to tyranny and abuse of power. It was in this environment that Hamilton wrote Federalist Number 70, as part of a broader effort to persuade the American people of the merits of a strong, unitary executive.

The paper begins by acknowledging the concerns of those who fear a strong executive, but quickly moves to argue that such an executive is, in fact, essential to the effective functioning of government. Hamilton's central argument is that a strong, unitary executive provides the energy, decision, and dispatch necessary for the successful execution of government policies. He contends that a plural executive, on the other hand, would be plagued by indecision, inefficiency, and a lack of accountability. This argument is rooted in Hamilton's belief that a strong executive is necessary to provide the leadership and direction required to navigate the complexities of governance.

The Principle of Energy in the Executive

One of the key concepts presented in Federalist Number 70 is the principle of energy in the executive. Hamilton argues that a strong, unitary executive is essential to providing the energy necessary for the effective execution of government policies. He defines energy as the ability to take decisive action, to make difficult decisions, and to provide the necessary leadership to drive the government forward. This principle is rooted in Hamilton’s understanding of human nature, which he believes is characterized by a tendency towards indecision and procrastination. A strong executive, he argues, is necessary to overcome these tendencies and to provide the necessary direction and leadership.

Key Characteristics of a Strong Executive	Description
Energy	The ability to take decisive action and provide necessary leadership
Decision	The ability to make difficult decisions and provide direction
Dispatch	The ability to act quickly and efficiently

The Impact of Federalist Number 70 on American History

The impact of Federalist Number 70 on American history cannot be overstated. The paper’s argument for a strong, unitary executive has had a profound and lasting impact on the development of the American presidency. The Constitution, which was ratified in 1788, reflects the principles outlined in Federalist Number 70, with a strong executive branch and a system of checks and balances. The paper’s emphasis on the importance of energy, decision, and dispatch in the executive has also shaped the way in which American presidents have approached their role, with many embracing the idea of a strong, active executive.

However, the paper's impact has not been without controversy. Many have argued that the strong executive envisioned by Hamilton has led to abuses of power and a lack of accountability. The paper's emphasis on the importance of a unitary executive has also been criticized for neglecting the potential benefits of a plural executive, such as greater representation and diversity of perspectives. Despite these criticisms, Federalist Number 70 remains a foundational text of American democracy, and its principles continue to shape the course of American history.

Critique and Controversy

Despite its significant impact on American history, Federalist Number 70 has not been without controversy. Many have criticized the paper’s argument for a strong, unitary executive, arguing that it has led to abuses of power and a lack of accountability. Others have argued that the paper neglects the potential benefits of a plural executive, such as greater representation and diversity of perspectives. These criticisms reflect the ongoing debate over the proper role of the executive in American governance, and highlight the need for continued discussion and analysis of the principles outlined in Federalist Number 70.

In conclusion, Federalist Number 70 is a foundational text of American democracy, and its principles continue to shape the course of American history. The paper's argument for a strong, unitary executive has had a profound and lasting impact on the development of the American presidency, and its emphasis on the importance of energy, decision, and dispatch in the executive remains relevant today. However, the paper's impact has not been without controversy, and critics continue to argue that the strong executive envisioned by Hamilton has led to abuses of power and a lack of accountability. As such, Federalist Number 70 remains an important and timely topic of study and discussion, offering valuable insights into the principles of American governance and the ongoing debate over the proper role of the executive.